注射氯化钙和 Vc对牛肉品质的影响

将宰后 8 h 的牛肉分别注射0、100、200 mmol/L 的氯化钙溶液和 0%、1%、2%的 Vc 溶液(注射量为肉质量的 5%),然后将肉样在 4 ℃下分别放置2、4、6 d,通过对其剪切力、pH、总色素进行测定,以研究注射氯化钙和 Vc 对牛肉嫩度、pH、总色素的影响.结果表明:氯化钙溶液处理显著影响牛肉的嫩度(P<0.05),但对pH和色泽的影响不显著(P>0.05);Vc 溶液处理显著影响牛肉的 pH(P<0.05),但对嫩度、色泽的影响不显著(P>0.05);Vc 和氯化钙对牛肉品质的影响没有互作效应.     

A review of natural antioxidants and their effects on oxidative status, odor and quality of fresh beef produced in Argentina

Meat derived from pasture feeding, is associated with a high level of antioxidants. Antioxidants are incorporated within cell membranes and protect tissues against oxidation from reactive oxygen species. This maintains the overall quality of meat and secondary products. This paper reviews the implications of incorporating natural antioxidants into fresh beef, focusing on the benefits of feeding cattle good quality pasture. Pasture samples typically have higher levels of α-tocopherol, β-carotene, ascorbic acid and glutathione than feedlot samples. These compounds retard lipid and protein oxidation in fresh and stored meat, and preserve the color and odor quality of beef. The significance of antioxidant enzymes is variable, because their behavior depends on individual redox status before slaughter. Understanding total antioxidant activity requires information on antioxidant and pro-oxidant status. With an abundance of pasture, Argentina has a natural advantage in producing meat with a high antioxidant value.     

A comparison of conventional and radio frequency tempering of beef meats: Effects on product temperature distribution

This study aimed to develop radio frequency (RF) pilot-scale protocols for tempering beef meat blends (4 kg blocks) to achieve average temperatures between −2 and −5 °C. Post-tempering temperature distribution in these blocks was compared to products tempered by conventional methods. The optimum RF power–time combination for tempering lean and 50:50 lean:fat mixtures to the target range was 500 W for 11 min which produced respective means of −3.6 °C (s.d. 1.1) and −3.4 °C (s.d. 1.5). In contrast, 400 W for 11 min was optimum for fat (mean −4.9 °C, s.d. 2.1). This study shows the principal advantages of RF over conventional tempering as an approximate 30 fold tempering time reduction and a greater uniformity of end point temperature distribution under the conditions employed. Furthermore, power consumption was reduced approximately ninefold with RF compared to conventional tempering. More uniform temperature distribution was achieved in samples that were comminuted to a greater extent.     

Utilization of electron beam irradiated almond skin powder as a natural antioxidant in ground top round beef

ABSTRACT:  Defatted Carmel variety almond skin powder (ASP) irradiated at 0, 10, 20, and 30 kGy was mixed with ground top round beef at 0.5% (w/w) and stored at 4 °C. Color stability, peroxide values (PV), conjugated dienes (CD), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), and hexanal were determined periodically over a 2-wk period. The L values were not affected by time or treatment. Initially, the redness ( a value) was higher for both the negative control with no ASP ( a value of 21.83) and positive control with 0.01% BHT ( a value of 22.33) compared to samples that contained the ASP ( a values from 17.70 to 20.17) on day 1. This decrease in redness was attributed to the presence of the ASP. Similar to day 1, the a values were not significantly different between the 2 controls over the duration of the study. All the samples with ASP exhibited lower lipid oxidation when compared to the negative control, with greatest oxidation retardation observed at 20 and 30 kGy. Over the treatment period, a 13% to 85% reduction in PV and a 40% to 80% reduction in TBARS were observed in the sample with 30 kGy ASP compared to the negative control. Generally, PV and TBARS of samples with ASP decreased with an increase in irradiation dose. While a difference due to irradiation dose was not observed in CD and hexanal content, the values were significantly lower ( P < 0.05) than the controls over time. This study demonstrates that almond skin power could be used to extend the shelf life of refrigerated ground raw beef.     

Quality changes in beef complexus, serratus ventralis, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and longissimus dorsi muscles enhanced prior to aging

ABSTRACT:  Beef complexus (chuck), serratus ventralis (chuck), vastus lateralis (round), vatsus medialis (round), and longissimus dorsi (loin) muscles were enhanced (0.3% salt, 0.4% phosphate), vacuum packaged, and aged for 7 or 14 d. Enhancement increased positive sensory attributes (tenderness, juiciness, beef flavor, saltiness) and decreased negative attributes (off-flavors) of all muscles but had greater effects on some than on others. It increased the oily mouthfeel (10%) and saltiness (40%) and decreased the L * value and chroma of the complexus (chuck). It increased tenderness, juiciness, and beef flavor and decreased off-flavors, visual red and brown colors, shear value, and cook loss of the serratus ventrali (chuck) , vastus lateralis (round), vastus medialis (round), and longissiumus dorsi (loin). Aging slightly decreased rancid and liver off-flavor scores, visual brown color, and shear value and increased the hue angle and L * and b * values.     

宰后成熟过程中冷却牛肉、猪肉色泽和嫩度的变化

本实验比较研究了冷却牛肉和猪肉在宰后120h内色泽和剪切力的变化.分别从牛屠宰厂和猪屠宰厂选取牛、猪各4头,按规范工艺屠宰后取背最长肌,分切成8个肉块,经简易包装后在0～4℃下18、48、96、120h,之后测定肉色、剪切力值及其他相关指标.结果表明,牛肉和猪肉的pH值、肉色(L*、a*、b*)、水分含量、剪切力值等指标存在显著差异(p<0.05).随着成熟时间延长,亮度增加、红度下降、剪切力下降;宰后120h内,猪肉嫩度的变化比牛肉更明显.     

低剂量γ辐照对牛肉肌内脂肪酸组成及牛肉质量的影响

取8头黄牛的半腱肌,在60Co源下辐照,剂量分别1.13,2.09及3.17kGy,牛肉在7℃环境下储存10d,评估不同辐照剂量和储存时间(0d或10d)条件下肌内脂肪酸组成及牛肉质量的变化.肉样储存10d后,未辐照的肉样中SFA和MUFA含量比未储存未辐照的牛肉(0d,0kGy)显著上升,而辐照过的肉样SFA和MUFA含量基本不变.辐照后多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、n-3PUFA、n-6PUFA含量和P/S显著下降(0d或10d).不同辐照剂量对脂肪酸的影响差异不显著.辐照后0d,牛肉样滴水损失及TBARS与辐照剂量呈正相关,随着辐照剂量的增加(从0kGy到3.17kGy),滴水损失及TBARS逐步升高;而10d储存后,滴水损失和TBARS则与辐照剂量呈负相关.辐照后牛肉样细菌总数随辐照剂量的增大显著下降.牛肉肌内脂肪脂肪酸组成和比值因辐照而产生变化,而辐照剂量的增加(1.13kGy到3.17kGy)对脂肪酸组成没有显著的影响.3kGy左右的低剂量辐照可以很好的确保牛肉质量,而不会引起脂肪营养较大的损失.     

不同酶嫩化处理对牛肉物性的影响

本实验以牛肉为原料,利用TA-XT2i物性测定仪,研究了蛋白酶嫩化处理对牛肉及其制品物性的影响。结果表明:三种蛋白酶处理都能够较好地保持牛肉的持水力,复合蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶处理后牛肉的持水力分别比对照牛肉高28.3%、11.1%和15.9%。另外,蛋白酶处理显著降低了牛肉的烹饪失水率、剪切力、咀嚼性、弹性、回复性、黏聚性等物性指标。其中,复合蛋白酶嫩化处理的效果优于胰蛋白酶及木瓜蛋白酶。显微照相表明酶作用后牛肉肌原蛋白被分解,肌原纤维断裂,肌纤维结构完整性的破坏可能是导致牛肉上述物性变化的主要原因。     

香辛料精油在油炸牛肉加工中的抗氧化性研究

以黄牛肉为研究对象,应用正交试验设计和理化分析方法研究丁香油和肉桂油在油炸牛肉加工中的抗氧化性,比较不同加工参数对其抗氧化性的影响。研究发现,在牛肉油炸过程中,肉桂油和丁香油具有显著的抗氧化性,明显好于不添加抗氧化剂的空白对照组。随肉桂油添加量增加,油炸牛肉过氧化值(PV)呈下降趋势,在添加量为50μl时,PV最小,而A532nm随肉桂油添加量增加先下降,在添加量为0.012%(30μl/250ml)时达到最低后又逐渐上升到未添加肉桂油水平。丁香油与肉桂油对油炸牛肉的抗氧化性的影响趋势基本相同,随丁香油添加量增加,PV也呈下降趋势,在添加量为0.02%(50μl/250ml)时,PV最小,突然上升后又逐渐下降,而A532nm随丁香油添加量增加先下降,在50μl达到最低后又逐渐上升到未添加丁香油水平。     

基于极差分析法与主成分分析法研究新型牛肉薄饼加工工艺

为研究新型牛肉薄饼加工工艺,采用单因素实验讨论大豆分离蛋白、复合磷酸盐、卡拉胶对牛肉薄饼剪切力、水分含量、感官评分的影响。以剪切力、水分含量、感官评分为评价指标,通过L_9(3~3)正交试验优化牛肉薄饼加工工艺。结果表明:采用极差法、主成分分析法评价不同试验方案牛肉薄饼品质具有一定的合理性,但这两种方法都存在不足,综合考虑两种评价方法可提高结果的合理性。经过综合分析,最佳方案为A_1B_2C_2,即大豆分离蛋白添加量为2.00%、复合磷酸盐添加量为0.30%、卡拉胶添加量为0.10%,为牛肉薄饼最佳加工工艺。该最佳生产工艺下生产的牛肉薄饼水分含量为43.61、剪切力为7.70、感官总分为84.90。本研究为生产高档牛肉肉糜制品,增加产品种类、提高产品食用品质提供依据。